文法JLPT N2 grammar
141 grammar patterns with meanings, usage and examples
- ～から～にかけて kara-ni-kakete From around A through BMarks a broadly bounded span of time or space, less exact than から～まで.
- ～からして kara-shite Even from; judging byCan cite a representative clue for an assessment or emphasize even the first element.
- ～からすると／からすれば kara-suru-to Judging from; from the standpoint ofIntroduces evidence for an inference or a viewpoint, rather than the agent performing an action.
- ～からといって kara-to-itte Just becauseRejects an automatic inference from A to B; commonly followed by a negative or a warning against a conclusion.
- ～からには kara-niwa Now that; sinceIntroduces a determination, duty, or expected consequence based on an established fact or decision.
- ～からみて kara-mite Judging from; viewed fromIntroduces the viewpoint or evidence underlying an assessment, not merely literal vision.
- ～気味 gimi Slightly; tending toDescribes a slight state or tendency, often unfavorable; learn established combinations rather than attaching it freely.
- ～きり／～きりだkiri Since doing and not again; onlyAfter a past verb, an expected subsequent action has not occurred; after a noun it can limit an amount.
- ～きる／きれる／きれない kiru Do completely; finishきる emphasizes completion, きれる the ability to finish, and きれない an inability to do all of something.
- ～ことか koto-ka How very; how many timesExclaims about a degree or number of times rather than requesting an answer.
- ～ことから koto-kara Because; from the fact thatIntroduces evidence, a cause, or the origin of a name, often in objective explanation.
- ～ことに（は） koto-ni To one's emotion; it is ... thatPresents a feeling or evaluation before the event, commonly with surprised, unfortunate, or happy.
- ～ことはない／～こともない koto-wa-nai There is no need toOften reassures someone that an action is unnecessary; distinguish past verb plus ことがない meaning never having done it.
- ～最中に saichuu-ni In the middle ofEmphasizes the middle of an ongoing activity, often when it is interrupted.
- ～ざるをえないzaru-wo-enai Have no choice but toCircumstances force an action despite reluctance; more written than everyday obligation forms.
- ～上（じょう）はjou-wa In terms of; from the standpoint ofAttaches to nouns such as law, systems, and theory to indicate an aspect; distinguish 上は read ue wa.
- ～せいだ、～せいで、～せいか sei-de Because of; due toAttributes an unfavorable result to a cause; せいか softens certainty about that cause.
- ～どころか dokoroka Far from; let aloneRejects an expected description and introduces a markedly different reality, whether better or worse.
- ～どころではない dokoro-dewa-nai Be in no position to; no time forCircumstances are too pressing or difficult to allow the activity.
- ～ないばかりか nai-bakarika Not only does not; alsoAdds an even stronger point after a negative fact; ばかりか itself also occurs with affirmative clauses.
- ～に加えて ni-kuwaete In addition toAdds a further factor in the same direction, positive or negative, rather than contrasting two sides.
- ～にこたえて ni-kotaete In response to; to meetResponds to expectations, requests, or support; distinguish 答える meaning answer a question.
- ～に先立つ ni-sakidatte Prior to; in advance ofFormally introduces something done before an important event; 先立つ modifies a noun.
- ～に際し（て） ni-saishite On the occasion of; whenUsed for significant occasions or starting points, often in announcements and speeches.
- ～にしろ／～にせよ ni-shiro-ni-seyo Even if; granted thatConcedes a hypothetical condition before a conclusion that still holds; the repeated form lists alternatives.
- ～に相違ない ni-soui-nai Must be; there is no doubtA strongly confident inference, more formal than に違いない, rather than proof of a fact.
- ～に沿って ni-sotte Along; in accordance withCan mean physically along something or in line with a plan, policy, or wishes.
- ～につき ni-tsuki Due to; perIn notices it gives a reason; with a unit it means per unit. It is not simply interchangeable with について.
- ～にほかならない ni-hoka-naranai Nothing other than; preciselyStrongly identifies the essence or cause of something in formal argument.
- ～にもかかわらず ni-mo-kakawarazu Despite; althoughIntroduces an outcome contrary to expectation; distinguish にかかわらず meaning regardless of a condition.