文法JLPT N2 grammar
141 grammar patterns with meanings, usage and examples
- ～ぬくnuku Do through to the endEmphasizes perseverance through difficulty, rather than merely finishing a quantity.
- ～のもとで/ もとに no-moto-de Under; on the basis ofもとで often marks guidance or an environment; もとに can introduce a name, condition, or basis.
- ～すえ（末）sue-ni After; following a long processPresents the result of prolonged consideration or effort, whether positive or negative.
- ～まい mai Will not; probably notCan express either negative intention or a negative conjecture, depending on subject and context.
- ～まいか mai-ka Might it not; I wonder ifCan soften a conjecture like ないだろうか; the paired volitional form expresses indecision about doing something.
- ～わりに wari-ni Considering; forDescribes a result out of proportion to an expectation set by the first clause.
- ～をきっかけに wo-kikkake-ni Prompted by; taking as a starting pointAn event triggers a new action or change without necessarily being its only cause.
- ～を契機として wo-keiki-to-shite Taking as an opportunity; marking a turning pointMore formal than をきっかけに, often marking a significant or broader change.
- ～をこめて wo-komete With; putting intoPuts a feeling or intention into an action or object, often gratitude, care, or love.
- ～をめぐる wo-megutte Concerning; overUsually introduces debate, conflict, or activity surrounding an issue, not every neutral mention of a topic.
- ～をもとにしてwo-moto-ni-shite Based on; using as a basisUses information or material as the basis for creating something; distinguish のもとで for an environment or guidance.
- ～ねば／ねばならないneba-naranai Must; have toA literary or firm obligation form; ねば can stand alone with ならない understood.
- ～のみならずnominarazu Not only; as well asFormally adds a further item in the same direction, often followed by も.
- おきにoki-ni Every; at intervals ofMarks recurring intervals; day-based expressions can be misunderstood, so use explicit dates where precision matters.
- に備えてni-sonaete In preparation for; in case ofDescribes advance preparation for an expected event or a possible risk.
- に決まっているni-kimatte-iru Be sure to; mustStates the speaker's strong conviction, which can be subjective rather than verified.
- ちっとも～ないchittomo-nai Not at allA conversational way to deny any degree; it requires a negative predicate in this sense.
- としても、〜としたってto-shitemo Even if; assuming thatAssumes A for argument's sake while the conclusion remains unchanged; としたって is colloquial.
- おそらくosoraku perhaps; likely; probablyA reasonably grounded but uncertain prediction, often paired with だろう or と思う.
- どうもdoumo Somehow; it seemsCan express a vague inference or a sense that something is wrong; it also appears in thanks in other contexts.
- にかぎって、にかぎりni-kagitte Of all occasions; only forに限って can single out an unlucky occasion or an unlikely culprit; に限り formally restricts eligibility or time.