文法JLPT N1 grammar
172 grammar patterns with meanings, usage and examples
- ～としたところでto-shita-tokoro-de Even assuming; even forUsually introduces a hypothetical condition followed by a limitation; it can also mean even from someone's standpoint.
- ～（で）すらsura evenHighlights an extreme example; more literary or formal than さえ.
- ～といえどもto-iedomo Even though; evenA formal concession, often denying an exemption even for a particular person or circumstance.
- ～ずくめzukume Entirely; nothing butA series of things or qualities of one kind, often positive; fixed expressions such as 黒ずくめ also describe appearance.
- ～ながらにnagara-ni While remaining; from the time ofCommon in established expressions such as 生まれながら, 昔ながら, and 涙ながら rather than freely attached nouns.
- ～にもましてni-mo-mashite Even more thanEmphasizes exceeding an already notable standard, often with before or anything else.
- ～にひきかえni-hikikae In contrast to; unlikeHighlights a sharp contrast, often with the speaker evaluating one side more favorably.
- ～はおろかwa-oroka Let alone; not evenDenies even a more basic item, making the first item still less attainable; order the scale carefully.
- ～あかつきにはakatsuki-niwa When finally; upon achievingFormally introduces an anticipated outcome after an important milestone, often hopefully.
- ～あってのatte-no Only possible because ofEmphasizes N1 as indispensable to N2, often with gratitude or as a reminder.
- ～以外のなにものでもないigai-no-nanimono-demo-nai Nothing other thanStrongly asserts a judgment about the true nature of something, often in argument.
- ～いかに～てもikani-temo No matter howFormally states that the conclusion holds regardless of degree, similar to どんなに.
- ～（の）いかんによらずikan-ni-yorazu Regardless of; irrespective ofStates that a rule or conclusion applies regardless of the nature or state of N.
- ～だろうとdarou-to Even if; no matter whetherUsed concessively rather than simply predictively, often with a firm conclusion or denial of exemptions.
- ～覚えはないoboe-wa-nai Have no recollection ofDenies any memory of an action, sometimes strongly rejecting an accusation.
- ～がかりだgakari-da Taking; involvingIndicates the time or people involved in a task, as in taking three days or involving the whole family.
- ～が～（な）だけにga-dake-ni All the more because of its natureRepeats a noun to emphasize its particular nature, often something delicate or difficult.
- ～かれ～かれkare-kare Whether ... or; sooner or laterMainly used in established opposite pairs such as sooner or later and more or less, not freely combined adjectives.
- ～くもなんともない（くも何ともない）ku-mo-nantomo-nai Not in the leastStrongly denies an i-adjective quality; nouns instead use でもなんでもない.
- ～くらいならkurai-nara Rather than; if it meansRejects an undesirable option in favor of a preferred alternative.
- ～ぐるみgurumi Including the whole; entireIncludes an entire group or everything accompanying it, as in whole families or communities.
- ～越しgoshi Across a barrier; over a periodCan indicate contact across a barrier or something lasting over a period; distinguish the two senses.
- ～こそすれ～ないkoso-sure-nai May well ... but neverEmphasizes one possible direction while denying the opposite; formal.
- ～ことこのうえない（ことこの上ない）koto-kono-ue-nai Extremely; beyond compareA formal intensifier expressing an exceptionally high degree of feeling or evaluation.
- ～こととてkoto-tote Because; given thatAn old-fashioned, formal explanation of circumstances, often asking for understanding.
- ～じみるjimiru Look like; have a touch ofOften disapproving in established combinations such as childish or excuse-like, not a freely productive suffix.
- ～ずくzuku By sheer means; based on calculation or agreementUsed in fixed combinations for force, money, mutual consent, calculation, or self-interest; meaning varies by collocation.
- ～ずじまいzu-jimai End up not doingAn intended action remains undone before the opportunity ends, often with regret.
- ～ないではおかないnaidewa-okanai Will inevitably; be bound toExpresses an inevitable strong effect or a firm determination to act.
- ～すべがないsube-ga-nai Have no means toLacks any means or method of doing something, often with a sense of helplessness.