文法JLPT N1 grammar
172 grammar patterns with meanings, usage and examples
- ～にそくしてni-sokushite In accordance with; in line withDescribes acting in line with actual circumstances or rules rather than merely discussing a topic.
- ～とはいえtowa-ie Although; be that as it mayConcedes a prior description before adding an important qualification; it can also connect sentences.
- ～ものをmono-wo If only; although ... regrettablyExpresses regret or reproach about an avoidable bad outcome, often in literary or emotional language.
- ～ようがyou-ga No matter whether; even ifStates that a conclusion or resolve holds regardless of the condition, not an ordinary intention.
- ～いかんikan Depending on; according toFormal: an outcome depends on the nature or state of a preceding factor, similar to 次第.
- ～と相まってto-aimatte Together with; combined withTwo factors interact to produce a stronger effect, rather than simply being listed.
- ～をよそにwo-yoso-ni Ignoring; unconcerned aboutDescribes behavior unconcerned with others' worries, expectations, or surrounding circumstances.
- ～てもさしつかえないtemo-sashitsukaenai May; it is acceptable toFormally grants permission or states that an action presents no problem.
- ～たるtaru As a; worthy of beingA formal expression stressing the duties or qualities expected of a role.
- ～まじきmajiki Unbecoming; must notStrongly condemns behavior as ethically unacceptable or unworthy of a role; formal and literary.
- ～極まる／極まりないkiwamaru Extremely; utterlyOften intensifies negative evaluations such as rude or dangerous, rather than replacing every use of very.
- ～にかこつけてni-kakotsukete Using as a pretextUses an apparent reason to do what one actually wants, often with disapproval.
- ～に（は）あたらないni-ataranai Not worth; no need toJudges something insufficient to warrant surprise, blame, or concern.
- ～にかたくないni-katakunai Not difficult to; easy to imagineCommonly used with imagining or understanding, in formal statements about an easy inference.
- ～べからずbekarazu Must not; prohibitedAn old-fashioned prohibition found in signs and maxims; べからざる modifies a noun.
- ～を禁じ得ないwo-kinjienai Cannot suppress; cannot help feelingDescribes an involuntary emotion such as sympathy or surprise, not ordinary practical ability.
- ～たりともtari-tomo Not even a singleEmphasizes rejecting even the smallest amount, commonly one person, second, or yen.
- ～きらいがあるkirai-ga-aru Have an undesirable tendencyEvaluates a tendency, generally unfavorably; it is not 嫌い meaning dislike.
- ～しまつだshimatsu-da End up; to the unfortunate point thatIntroduces the final bad result of a series of actions or problems, often critically.
- ～を余儀なくされるwo-yoginaku-sareru Be forced toExternal circumstances force an unwelcome action; common in formal reporting.
- ～てやまないte-yamanai Never cease to; sincerelyExpresses an enduring feeling or wish, not just any continuously repeated physical action.
- ～かいもなく／～がいもなくkai-mo-naku Despite the effort; to no availThe outcome fails to reward the effort invested; がい often occurs in compounds such as 働きがい.
- ～だけましdake-mashi At least better; fortunate thatFinds one redeeming feature in a bad situation by comparing it with something worse.
- ～ないではすまないnaidewa-sumanai Cannot get away without doingSocial responsibility or consequences make an action unavoidable, often apologizing or compensating.
- ～をふまえてwo-fumaete Based on; taking into accountTakes experience, facts, or opinions into account as a basis for a later decision.
- ～をおしてwo-oshite Despite; overcomingProceeds despite illness, opposition, or another obstacle, often implying strain or imposing on someone.
- ～を経てwo-hete Through; after going throughPasses through stages, procedures, or locations before reaching an outcome; formal.
- ～ゆえ(に)／～がゆえ(に)yue-ni Because; owing toA literary or old-fashioned expression of cause, with either positive or negative results.
- ～ことなしにkoto-nashi-ni Without doingDescribes omitting an action; with a negative conclusion, emphasizes an indispensable step.
- ～ではあるまいしdewa-aru-mai-shi It is not as if; you are notRejects an inappropriate excuse or behavior, often reproachfully; unsuitable for deferential speech.