N+をはじめ
o hajime
Including; notably; starting with
Formation 接続
N + をはじめ / をはじめとして / をはじめとする + N
Explanation 説明
Names a representative member before referring to a wider group. The named item is a prominent example, not necessarily the first event in chronological order. をはじめとする modifies the following noun.
Examples 例文
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今年はベトナムをはじめ、東南アジアの各国を旅行したいと思っている。
This year, I would like to travel to countries across Southeast Asia, including Vietnam.
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ハンバーガーはアメリカをはじめ、世界中で食べられるようになった。
Hamburgers have come to be eaten all over the world, including in the United States.
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日本には英語をはじめ、フランス語、ドイツ語などから来た外来語がたくさんある。
Japanese has many loanwords from languages including English, French and German.
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カップヌードルはアジアをはじめ、世界中で売られるようになった。
Cup noodles have come to be sold worldwide, including across Asia.
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歌舞伎をはじめとして多くの日本の伝統文化が、江戸時代に生まれ、発展した。
Many traditional Japanese art forms, including kabuki, emerged and developed during the Edo period.
How related patterns differ 比較
など and とか can give non-exhaustive examples. なんか and なんて add colloquial or emotional nuance. やら～やら often suggests a mixed collection, while をはじめ introduces a representative example of a group.
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| N+をはじめ | Including; notably; starting with | 今年はベトナムをはじめ、東南アジアの各国を旅行したいと思っている。 This year, I would like to travel to countries across Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. |
| ～など／なんか／なんて | Such as; things like; dismissive or surprised emphasis | 机の上には本やノートなどがあります。 There are books, notebooks, and similar things on the desk. |
| ～も～なら～も、～も～ば～も | Both ... and ...; not only one aspect but another too | 彼女は英語も話せれば、中国語も話せます。 She can speak both English and Chinese. |
| ～やら～やら | Things like ... and ...; ... and ... among other things | 机の上には本やら書類やらが積んであります。 Books, documents, and all sorts of things are piled on the desk. |
| 〜とか〜とか | Such as; things like; saying things such as | 隣の席の山田さんは、文句が多い。いつも疲れたとか仕事が多いとか言っている。 Mr. Yamada, who sits next to me, complains a lot. He is always saying he is tired or has too much work. |
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