~ないで
naide
Without doing
Formation 接続
Full formation notes
Vない + で、another action
Explanation 説明
Indicates that one action is performed without another action being done. The second part supplies the main action or result.
Examples 例文
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勉強をしないでテスト受けたら、やっぱり失敗した。
I took the test without studying and, as expected, failed.
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お金を持たないで店まで来てしまった。
I came all the way to the shop without bringing any money.
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昨日は疲れていて、電気を消さないで寝てしまった。
I was tired yesterday and fell asleep without turning off the light.
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寝ないで学校に来たから、授業中にちょっと寝ちゃった。
I came to school without sleeping, so I dozed off during class.
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このワインは冷やさないで飲んでください。
Please drink this wine without chilling it.
How related patterns differ 比較
ないで and ずに can omit one action while doing another. ことなしに is literary. ないで済む emphasizes being spared an action. ないで also appears in requests, so replacing it mechanically with ずに is not always appropriate.
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ~ないで | Without doing | 勉強をしないでテスト受けたら、やっぱり失敗した。 I took the test without studying and, as expected, failed. |
| ~ず | Without doing; not doing | 辞書を使わずに、この文章を読みました。 I read this passage without using a dictionary. |
| ~ずに~ | Without doing | 友達は、時計をみると何も言わずに帰ってしまった。 My friend looked at the clock and left without saying anything. |
| ~ないで済む | Manage without doing; be spared having to | 説明を聞いたので、自分で資料を確認しないで済んだ。 After hearing the explanation, I was spared having to check the documents myself. |
| ~ことなしに | Without doing | 資料を確認することなしに、結論を出すべきではない。 We should not reach a conclusion without first checking the documents. |
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